Allergies: Basic Info You Need to Know

You get allergies when your immune system responds to substances such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods. Your antibodies identify these allergens as harmful, even though they are not.

Allergic reactions can range from mild symptoms like sneezing and rashes to severe, life-threatening conditions like anaphylaxis. Managing allergies effectively requires understanding the triggers and taking preventive measures.

Nearly 18 million adults in the United States have hay fever, or allergic rhinitis. At least 1 in 3 American adults and 1 in 4 children have some form of allergy.

Allergies are the sixth-leading cause of chronic illness in the U.S., costing Americans more than $18 billion annually. The number of people affected by allergies continues to rise each year.

Allergic reactions happen when you come into contact with allergens. Your immune system releases histamines and other chemicals into your blood, causing symptoms that can irritate your skin, sinuses, or digestive system.

Common allergens include airborne particles (pollen, pet dander, dust mites), certain foods (peanuts, dairy, shellfish), insect stings, medications, and latex.

Symptoms vary depending on the type of allergy and exposure. Mild symptoms may include sneezing, itchy eyes, and hives, while severe allergic reactions can cause anaphylaxis, which requires immediate medical attention.

Allergy testing helps determine what substances trigger an allergic reaction. Doctors use various methods, including skin-prick tests, blood tests, and challenge tests, to diagnose allergies.

Skin-prick tests involve exposing the skin to small amounts of allergens and observing reactions. Blood tests check for immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies that indicate an allergic response. Challenge tests involve consuming a suspected allergen under medical supervision.

There is no cure for allergies, but dietary and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts may reduce inflammation and allergic responses.

A Mediterranean diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts has been linked to a lower risk of allergic diseases. Avoiding known allergens, staying hydrated, and using air purifiers can also minimize allergy flare-ups.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can be fatal if not treated immediately. It occurs within minutes of exposure to an allergen and requires an epinephrine injection.

Signs of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, dizziness, and a drop in blood pressure. If you or someone you know experiences these symptoms, call 911 and use an epinephrine auto-injector if available.

Avoidance is the best strategy for managing allergies. Identifying triggers and making necessary adjustments in your environment can help reduce exposure.

Medications like antihistamines, decongestants, and nasal sprays provide relief from allergy symptoms. Immunotherapy, such as allergy shots, can also help desensitize the immune system to allergens over time.

Staying informed and consulting an allergist can improve your quality of life by helping you take proactive measures against allergies.